Tag Archives | command line

Grep command in Linux (With Examples)

In this tutorial, you will learn how to use the very essential grep command in Linux. We’re going to go over why this command is important to master, and how you can utilize it in your everyday tasks at the command line. Let’s dive right in with some explanations and examples. Why do we use grep? Grep is a command line tool that Linux users use to search for strings of text. You can use it to search a file for a certain word or combination of words or you can pipe the output of other Linux commands to grep, so grep can show you only the output that you need to see. Let’s look at some really common examples. Say that you need to check the contents of a directory to see if a certain file exists there. That’s something you would use the “ls” command for. But, to make this whole process of checking the directory’s contents even faster, you can pipe the output of the ls command to the grep command. Let’s look in our home directory for a folder called Documents.

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ls without grep

And now let’s try checking the directory again, but this time using grep to check specifically for the Documents folder.

ls | grep Documents

ls grep

As you can see in the screenshot above, using the grep command saved us time by quickly isolating the word we searched for from the rest of the unnecessary output that the ls command produced.

If the Documents folder didn’t exist, grep wouldn’t return any output. So if nothing is returned by grep, that means that it couldn’t find the word you are searching for.

grep no results

Find a string

If you need to search for a string of text, rather than just a single word, you will need to wrap the string in quotes. For example, what if we needed to search for the “My Documents” directory instead of the single-worded “Documents” directory?

ls | grep 'My Documents'

grep for string

Grep will accept both single quotes and double quotes, so wrap your string of text with either.

While grep is often used to search the output piped from other command line tools, you can also use it to search documents directly. Here’s an example where we search a text document for a string.

grep 'Class 1' Students.txt

grep for string in document

Find multiple strings

You can also use grep to find multiple words or strings. You can specify multiple patterns by using the -e switch. Let’s try searching a text document for two different strings:

grep -e 'Class 1' -e Todd Students.txt

grep multiple strings

Notice that we only needed to use quotes around the strings that contained spaces.

Difference between grep, egrep fgrep, pgrep, zgrep

Various grep switches were historically included in different binaries. On modern Linux systems, you will find these switches available in the base grep command, but it’s common to see distributions support the other commands as well.

From the man page for grep:

grep commands

egrep is the equivalent of grep -E

This switch will interpret a pattern as an extended regular expression. There’s a ton of different things you can do with this, but here’s an example of what it looks like to use a regular expression with grep.

Let’s search a text document for strings that contain two consecutive ‘p’ letters:

egrep p\{2} fruits.txt
or
grep -E p\{2} fruits.txt

egrep example

fgrep is the equivalent of grep -F

This switch will interpret a pattern as a list of fixed strings, and try to match any of them. It’s useful when you need to search for regular expression characters. This means you don’t have to escape special characters like you would with regular grep.

fgrep example

pgrep is a command to search for the name of a running process on your system and return its respective process IDs. For example, you could use it to find the process ID of the SSH daemon:

pgrep sshd

fgrep example

This is similar in function to just piping the output of the ‘ps’ command to grep.

prgrep vs ps

You could use this information to kill a running process or troubleshoot issues with the services running on your system.

zgrep is used to search compressed files for a pattern. It allows you to search the files inside of a compressed archive without having to first decompress that archive, basically saving you an extra step or two.

zgrep apple fruits.txt.gz

zgrep example

zgrep also works on tar files, but only seems to go as far as telling you whether or not it was able to find a match.

zgrep tar file

We mention this because files compressed with gzip are very commonly tar archives.

Difference between find and grep

For those just starting out on the Linux command line, it’s important to remember that find and grep are two commands with two very different functions, even though they are both used to “find” something that the user specifies.

It’s handy to use grep to find a file when you use it to search through the output of the ls command, like we showed in the first examples of the tutorial.

However, if you need to search recursively for the name of a file – or part of the file name if you use a wildcard (asterisk) – you’re much ahead to use the ‘find’ command.

find /path/to/search -name name-of-file

find command

The output above shows that the find command was able to successfully locate the file we searched for.

Search recursively

You can use the -r switch with grep to search recursively through all files in a directory and its subdirectories for a specified pattern.

grep -r pattern /directory/to/search

If you don’t specify a directory, grep will just search your present working directory. In the screenshot below, grep found two files matching our pattern, and returns with their file names and which directory they reside in.

recursive grep

Catch space or tab

As we mentioned earlier in our explanation of how to search for string, you can wrap text inside quotes if it contains spaces. The same method will work for tabs, but we’ll explain how to put a tab in your grep command in a moment.

Put a space or multiple spaces inside quotes to have grep search for that character.

grep " " sample.txt

grep spaces

There are a few different ways you can search for a tab with grep, but most of the methods are experimental or can be inconsistent across different distributions.

The easiest way is to just search for the tab character itself, which you can produce by hitting ctrl+v on your keyboard, followed by tab.

Normally, pressing tab in a terminal window tells the terminal that you want to auto-complete a command, but pressing the ctrl+v combination beforehand will cause the tab character to be written out as you’d normally expect it to in a text editor.

grep " " sample.txt

grep tabs

Knowing this little trick is especially useful when greping through configuration files in Linux, since tabs are frequently used to separate commands from their values.

Using regular expressions

Grep’s functionality is further extended by using regular expressions, allowing you more flexibility in your searches. Several exist, and we will go over some of the most commons ones in the examples below:

[ ] brackets are used to match any of a set of characters.

grep "Class [123]" Students.txt

grep brackets

This command will return any lines that say ‘Class 1’, ‘Class2’, or ‘Class 3’.

[-] brackets with hyphen can be used to specify a range of characters, either numerical or alphabetical.

grep "Class [1-3]" Students.txt

grep brackets hyphen

We get the same output as before, but the command is much easier to type, especially if we had a bigger range of numbers or letters.

^ caret is used to search for a pattern that only occurs at the beginning of a line.

grep "^Class" Students.txt

grep caret

[^] brackets with caret are used to exclude characters from a search pattern.

grep "Class [^1-2]" Students.txt

grep brackets caret

$ dollar sign is used to search for a pattern that only occurs at the end of a line.

grep "1$" Students.txt

grep dollar

. dot is used to match any one character, so it’s a wildcard but only for a single character.

grep "A….a" Students.txt

grep dot

Grep gz files without unzipping

As we showed earlier, the zgrep command can be used to search through compressed files without having to unzip them first.

zgrep word-to-search /path/to/file.gz

You can also use the zcat command to display the contents of a gz file, and then pipe that output to grep to isolate the lines containing your search string.

zcat file.gz | grep word-to-search

zcat

Grep email addresses from a zip file

We can use a fancy regular expression to extract all the email addresses from a zip file.

grep -o '[[:alnum:]+\.\_\-]*@[[:alnum:]+\.\_\-]*' emails.txt

The -o flag will extract the email address only, rather than showing the entire line that contains the email address. This results in a cleaner output.

grep emails

As with most things in Linux, there is more than one way to do this. You could also use egrep and a different set of expressions. But the example above works just fine and is a pretty simple way to extract the email addresses and ignore everything else.

Grep IP addresses

Greping for IP addresses can get a little complex because we can’t just tell grep to look for 4 numbers separated by dots – well, we could, but that command has the potential to return invalid IP addresses as well.

The following command will find and isolate only valid IPv4 addresses:

grep -E -o "(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)" /var/log/auth.log

We used this on our Ubuntu server just to see where the latest SSH attempts have been made from.

grep IP addresses

To avoid repeat information and having your screen flooded, you may want to pipe your grep commands to “uniq” and “more” as we did in the screenshot above.

Grep or condition

There are a few different ways you can use an or condition with grep, but we will show you the one that requires the least amount of keystrokes and is easiest to remember:

grep -E 'string1|string2' filename
or, technically using egrep is even less keystrokes:
egrep 'string1|string2' filename

grep or condition

Ignore case sensitivity

By default, grep is case sensitive, which means you have to be precise in the capitalization of your search string. You can avoid this by telling grep to ignore the case with the -i switch.

grep -i string filename

grep ignore case

Search with case sensitive

What if we want to search for a string where the first can be uppercase or lowercase, but the rest of the string should be lowercase? Ignoring case with the -i switch won’t work in this case, so a simple way to do it would be with brackets.

grep [Ss]tring filename

This command tells grep to be case sensitive except for the first letter.

grep case sensitive

Grep exact match

In our examples above, whenever we search our document for the string “apple”, grep also returns “pineapple” as part of the output. To avoid this, and search for strictly “apple”, you can use this command:

grep "\<apple\>" fruits.txt

exact match

You can also use the -w switch, which will tell grep that the string must match the whole line. Obviously, this will only work in situations where you’re not expecting the rest of the line to have any text at all.

Exclude pattern

To see the contents of a file but exclude patterns from the output, you can use the -v switch.

grep -v string-to-exclude filename

exclude pattern

As you can see in the screenshot, the string we excluded is no longer shown when we run the same command with the -v switch.

Grep and replace

A grep command piped to sed can be used to replace all instances of a string in a file. This command will replace “string1” with “string2” in all files relative to the present working directory:

grep -rl 'string1' ./ | xargs sed -i 's/string1/string2/g'

Grep with line number

To show the number of a line that your search string is found on, use the -n switch.

grep -n string filename

show line numbers

Show lines before and after

If you need a little more context to the grep output, you can show one line before and after your specified search string with the -c switch:

grep -c 1 string filename

Specify the number of lines you wish to show – we did only 1 line in this example.

line before and after

Sort the result

Pipe grep’s output to the sort command to sort your results in some kind of order. The default is alphabetical.

grep string filename | sort

line before and after

I hope you find the tutorial useful. Keep coming back.

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31+ Examples for sed Linux Command in Text Manipulation

In the previous post, we talked about bash functions and how to use them from the command line directly and we saw some other cool stuff. Today we will talk about a very useful tool for string manipulation called sed or sed Linux command. Sed is used to work with text files like log files, configuration files, and other text files. In this post, we are going to focus on sed Linux command which is used for text manipulation, which is a very important step in our bash scripting journey. Linux system provides some tools for text processing, one of those tools is sed. We will discuss the 31+ examples with pictures to show the output of every example.

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Understand sed Linux Command

The sed command is a non-interactive text editor. Sed Linux command edits data based on the rules you provide, you can use it like this:

sed options file

You are not limited to use sed to manipulate files, you apply it to the STDIN directly like this:

echo "Welcome to LikeGeeks page" | sed 's/page/website/'

sed Linux command

The s command replaces the first text with the second text pattern. In this case, the string “website” was replaced with the word “page”, so the result will be as shown.

The above example was a very basic example to demonstrate the tool. We can use sed Linux command to manipulate files as well.

This is our file:

sed manipulate file

sed 's/test/another test/' ./myfile

The results are printed to the screen instantaneously, you don’t have to wait for processing the file to the end.

If your file is huge enough, you will see the result before the processing is finished.

Sed Linux command doesn’t update your data. It only sends the changed text to STDOUT. The file still untouched. If you need to overwrite the existing content, you can check our previous post which was talking about redirections.

Using Multiple sed Linux Commands in The Command Line

To run multiple sed commands, you can use the -e option like this:

sed -e 's/This/That/; s/test/another test/' ./myfile

sed multiple commands

Sed command must be separated by a semicolon without any spaces.

Also, you can use a single quotation to separate commands like this:

sed -e '

> s/This/That/

> s/test/another test/' myfile

sed separate commands

The same result, no big deal. 

Reading Commands From a File

You can save your sed commands in a file and use them by specifying the file using -f option.

cat mycommands

s/This/That/

s/test/another test/

sed -f mycommands myfile

read commands from file

Substituting Flags

Look at the following example carefully:

cat myfile

sed 's/test/another test/' myfile

sed substitute flag

The above result shows the first occurrence in each line is only replaced. To substitute all occurrences of a pattern, use one of the following substitution flags.

The flags are written like this:

s/pattern/replacement/flags

There are four types of substitutions:

  • g, replace all occurrences.
  • A number, the occurrence number for the new text that you want to substitute.
  • p, print the original content.
  • w file: means write the results to a file.

You can limit your replacement by specifying the occurrence number that should be replaced like this:

sed 's/test/another test/2' myfile

sed number flag

As you can see, only the second occurrence on each line was replaced.

The g flag means global, which means a global replacement for all occurrences:

sed 's/test/another test/g' myfile

sed global flag

The p flag prints each line contains a pattern match, you can use the -n option to print the modified lines only.

cat myfile

sed -n 's/test/another test/p' myfile

sed supress lines

The w flag saves the output to a specified file:

sed 's/test/another test/w output' myfile

send output to file

The output is printed on the screen, but the matching lines are saved to the output file.

Replace Characters

Suppose that you want to search for bash shell and replace it with csh shell in the /etc/passwd file using sed, well, you can do it easily:

sed 's/\/bin\/bash/\/bin\/csh/' /etc/passwd

Oh!! that looks terrible.

Luckily, there is another way to achieve that. You can use the exclamation mark (!) as string delimiter like this:

sed 's!/bin/bash!/bin/csh!' /etc/passwd

Now it’s easier to read.

Limiting sed

Sed command processes your entire file. However, you can limit the sed command to process specific lines, there are two ways:

  • A range of lines.
  • A pattern that matches a specific line.

You can type one number to limit it to a specific line:

sed '2s/test/another test/' myfile

sed restricted

Only line two is modified.

What about using a range of lines:

sed '2,3s/test/another test/' myfile

replace range of lines

Also, we can start from a line to the end of the file:

sed '2,$s/test/another test/' myfile

sed replace to the end

Or you can use a pattern like this:

sed '/likegeeks/s/bash/csh/' /etc/passwd

sed pattern match

Awesome!!

You can use regular expressions to write this pattern to be more generic and useful.

Delete Lines

To delete lines, the delete (d) flag is your friend.

The delete flag deletes the text from the stream, not the original file.

sed '2d' myfile

sed delete line

Here we delete the second line only from myfile.

What about deleting a range of lines?

sed '2,3d' myfile

delete multiple line

Here we delete a range of lines, the second and the third.

Another type of ranges:

sed '3,$d' myfile

delete to the end

Here we delete from the third line to the end of the file.

All these examples never modify your original file.

sed '/test 1/d' myfile

delete pattern match

Here we use a pattern to delete the line if matched on the first line.

If you need to delete a range of lines, you can use two text patterns like this:

sed '/second/,/fourth/d' myfile

delete range of lines

From the second to the fourth line are deleted.

Insert and Append Text

You can insert or append text lines using the following flags:

  • The (i) flag.
  • The  (a) flag.

echo "Another test" | sed 'i\First test '

sed insert text

Here the text is added before the specified line.

echo "Another test" | sed 'a\First test '

sed append

Here the text is added after the specified line.

Well, what about adding text in the middle?

Easy, look at the following example:

sed '2i\This is the inserted line.' myfile

sed insert line

And the appending works the same way, but look at the position of the appended text:

sed '2a\This is the appended line.' myfile

sed append line

The same flags are used but with a location of insertion or appending.

Modifying Lines

To modify a specific line, you can use the (c) flag like this:

sed '3c\This is a modified line.' myfile

sed modify line

You can use a regular expression pattern and all lines match that pattern will be modified.

sed '/This is/c Line updated.' myfile

sed pattern match

Transform Characters

The transform flag (y) works on characters like this:

sed 'y/123/567/' myfile

sed transform character

The transformation is applied to all data and cannot be limited to a specific occurrence.

Print Line Numbers

You can print line number using the (=) sign like this:

sed '=' myfile

sed line numbers

However, by using -n combined with the equal sign, the sed command displays the line number that contains matching.

sed -n '/test/=' myfile

hide lines

Read Data From a File

You can use the (r) flag to read data from a file.

You can define a line number or a text pattern for the text that you want to read.

cat newfile

sed '3r newfile' myfile

read data from file

The content is just inserted after the third line as expected.

And this is using a text pattern:

sed '/test/r newfile' myfile

read match pattern

Cool right?

Useful Examples

We have a file that contains text with a placeholder and we have another file that contains the data that will be filled in that placeholder.

We will use the (r) and (d) flags to do the job.

The word DATA in that file is a placeholder for a real content which is stored in another file called data.

We will replace it with the actual content:

Sed '/DATA>/ {

r newfile

d}' myfile

repalce placeholder

Awesome!! as you can see, the placeholder location is filled with the data from the other file.

This is just a very small intro about sed command. Actually, sed Linux command is another world by itself.

The only limitation is your imagination.

I hope you enjoy what’ve introduced today about the string manipulation using sed Linux command.

Thank you.

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Linux Bash Scripting Part5 – Signals and Jobs

In the previous post, we talked about input, output, and redirection in bash scripts. Today we will learn how to run and control them on Linux system. Till now, we can run scripts only from the command line interface. This isn’t the only way to run Linux bash scripts. This post describes the different ways to control your Linux bash scripts. These are the most common Linux system signals:

 

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Linux Signals

These are the most common Linux system signals:

Num        Name                    Job

1              SIGHUP               Process hangs up.

2             SIGINT                 Process Interruption.

3             SIGQUIT              Proces quit or stop.

9             SIGKILL               Process termination.

15           SIGTERM             Process termination.

17           SIGSTOP              Process stopping without termination.

18           SIGTSTP              Process stopping or pausing without termination.

19           SIGCONT             Process continuation after stopping.

Your Linux bash scripts don’t control these signals, you can program your bash script to recognize signals and perform commands based on the signal that was sent.

Stop a Process

To stop a running process, you can press Ctrl+C which generates SIGINT signal to stop the current process running in the shell.

$ sleep 100

Ctrl+C

stop process

Pause a Process

The Ctrl+Z keys generate a SIGTSTP signal to stop any processes running in the shell, and that leaves the program in memory.

$ sleep 100

Ctrl+Z

pause process

The number between brackets which is (1) is the job number.

If try to exit the shell and you have a stopped job assigned to your shell, the bash warns you if you.

The ps command is used to view the stopped jobs.

ps –l

ps -l

In the S column (process state), it shows the traced (T) or stopped (S) states.

If you want to terminate a stopped job you can kill its process by using kill command.

kill processID

Trap Signals

To trap signals, you can use the trap command. If the script gets a signal defined by the trap command, it stops processing and instead the script handles the signal.

You can trap signals using the trap command like this:

#!/bin/bash

trap "echo 'Ctrl-C was trapped'" SIGINT

total=1

while [ $total -le 3 ]

do

echo "#$total"

sleep 2

total=$(( $total + 1 ))

done

Every time you press Ctrl+C, the signal is trapped and the message is printed.

trap signal

If you press Ctrl+C, the echo statement specified in the trap command is printed instead of stopping the script. Cool, right?

Trapping The Script Exit

You can trap the shell script exit using the trap command like this:

#!/bin/bash

# Add the EXIT signal to trap it

trap "echo Goodbye..." EXIT

total=1

while [ $total -le 3 ]

do

echo "#$total"

sleep 2

total=$(( $total + 1 ))

done

trap exit

When the bash script exits, the Goodbye message is printed as expected.

Also, if you exit the script before finishing its work, the EXIT trap will be fired.

Modifying Or Removing a Trap

You can reissue the trap command with new options like this:

#!/bin/bash

trap "echo 'Ctrl-C is trapped.'" SIGINT

total=1

while [ $total -le 3 ]

do

echo "Loop #$total"

sleep 2

total=$(( $total + 1 ))

done

# Trap the SIGINT

trap "echo ' The trap changed'" SIGINT

total=1

while [ $total -le 3 ]

do

echo "Second Loop #$total"

sleep 1

total=$(( $total + 1 ))

done

modify trap

Notice how the script manages the signal after changing the signal trap.

You can also remove a trap by using 2 dashes trap SIGNAL
#!/bin/bash

trap "echo 'Ctrl-C is trapped.'" SIGINT

total=1

while [ $total -le 3 ]

do

echo "#$total"

sleep 1

total=$(( $total + 1 ))

done

trap -- SIGINT

echo "I just removed the trap"

total=1

while [ $total -le 3 ]

do

echo "Loop #2 #$total"

sleep 2

total=$(( $total + 1 ))

done

Notice how the script processes the signal before removing the trap and after removing the trap.

$ ./myscript

Crtl+C

remove trap

The first Ctrl+C was trapped and the script continues running while the second one exits the script because the trap was removed.

Running Linux Bash Scripts in Background Mode

If you see the output of the ps command, you will see all the running processes in the background and not tied to the terminal.

We can do the same, just place ampersand symbol (&) after the command.

#!/bin/bash

total=1

while [ $total -le 3 ]

do

sleep 2

total=$(( $total + 1 ))

done

$ ./myscipt &

run in background

Once you’ve done that, the script runs in a separate background process on the system and you can see the process id between the square brackets.

When the script dies,  you will see a message on the terminal.

Notice that while the background process is running, you can use your terminal monitor for STDOUT and STDERR messages so if an error occurs, you will see the error message and normal output.

run script in background

The background process will exit if you exit your terminal session.

So what if you want to continue running even if you close the terminal?

Running Scripts without a Hang-Up

You can run your Linux bash scripts in the background process even if you exit the terminal session using the nohup command.

The nohup command blocks any SIGHUP signals. This blocks the process from exiting when you exit your terminal.

$ nohup ./myscript &

linux bash nohup command

After running the nohup command, you can’t see any output or error from your script. The output and error messages are sent to a file called nohup.out.

Note: when running multiple commands from the same directory will override the nohup.out file content.

Viewing Jobs

To view the current jobs, you can use the jobs command.

#!/bin/bash

total=1

while [ $total -le 3 ]

do

echo "#$count"

sleep 5

total=$(( $total + 1 ))

done

Then run it.

$ ./myscript

Then press Ctrl+Z to stop the script.

linux bash view jobs

Run the same bash script but in the background using the ampersand symbol and redirect the output to a file just for clarification.

v$ ./myscript > outfile &

linux bash list jobs

The jobs command shows the stopped and the running jobs.

jobs –l

-l parameter to view the process ID

Restarting Stopped Jobs

The bg command is used to restart a job in background mode.

$ ./myscript

Then press Ctrl+Z

Now it is stopped.

$ bg

linux bash restart job

After using bg command, it is now running in background mode.

If you have multiple stopped jobs, you can do the same by specifying the job number to the bg command.

The fg command is used to restart a job in foreground mode.

$ fg 1

Scheduling a Job

The Linux system provides 2 ways to run a bash script at a predefined time:

  • at command.
  • cron table.

The at command

This is the format of the command

at [-f filename] time

The at command can accept different time formats:

  • Standard time format like 10:15.
  • An AM/PM indicator like 11:15PM.
  • A specifically named time like now, midnight.

You can include a specific date, using some different date formats:

  • A standard date format, such as MMDDYY or DD.MM.YY.
  • A text date, such as June 10 or Feb 12, with or without the year.
  • Now + 25 minutes.
  • 05:15AM tomorrow.
  • 11:15 + 7 days.

We don’t want to dig deep into the at command, but for now, just make it simple.

$ at -f ./myscript now

linux bash at command

The -M parameter is used to send the output to email if the system has email, and if not, this will suppress the output of the at command.

To list the pending jobs, use atq command:

linux bash at queue

Remove Pending Jobs

To remove a pending job, use the atrm command:

$ atrm 18

delete at queue

You must specify the job number to the atrm command.

Scheduling Scripts

What if you need to run a script at the same time every day or every month or so?

You can use the crontab command to schedule jobs.

To list the scheduled jobs, use the -l parameter:

$ crontab –l

The format for crontab is:

minute,Hour, dayofmonth, month, and dayofweek

So if you want to run a command daily at 10:30, type the following:

30 10 * * * command

The wildcard character (*) used to indicate that the cron will execute the command daily on every month at 10:30.

To run a command at 5:30 PM every Tuesday, you would use the following:

30 17 * * 2 command

The day of the week starts from 0 to 6 where Sunday=0 and Saturday=6.

To run a command at 10:00 on the beginning of every month:

00 10 1 * * command

The day of the month is from 1 to 31.

Let’s keep it simple for now and we will discuss the cron in great detail in future posts.

To edit the cron table, use the -e parameter like this:

crontab –e

Then type your command like the following:

30 10 * * * /home/likegeeks/Desktop/myscript

This will schedule our script to run at 10:30 every day.

Note: sometimes you see error says Resource temporarily unavailable.

All you have to do is this:

$ rm -f /var/run/crond.pid

You should be a root user to do this.

Just that simple!

You can use one of the pre-configured cron script directories like:

/etc/cron.hourly

/etc/cron.daily

/etc/cron.weekly

/etc/cron.monthly

Just put your bash script file on any of these directories and it will run periodically.

Starting Scripts at Login

In the previous posts, we’ve talked about startup files, I recommend you to review the previous.

$HOME/.bash_profile

$HOME/.bash_login

$HOME/.profile

To run your scripts at login, place your code in  $HOME/.bash_profile.

Starting Scripts When Opening the Shell

OK, what about running our bash script when the shell opens? Easy.

Type your script on .bashrc file.

And now if you open the shell window, it will execute that command.

I hope you find the post useful. keep coming back.

Thank you.

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