Archive | GNU/Linux

For example, to get the processor specifications, type the following command:

$ cat /proc/cpuinfo

This is a very powerful and easy way to query Linux kernel.

Notice that if you check the size of the file in /proc directory, you will find that all file sizes are 0, because as we said they don’t exist on the disk.

When you type cat /proc/cpuinfo command, a file is dynamically created to show you the CPU info.

The only file that has a size in /proc directory is /proc/kcore file, which shows the RAM content. Actually, this file isn’t occupying any space on the disk.

Writing to Proc Files

As we’ve seen, we can read the content of proc files, but some of them are writable, so we can write to them to change some functionality.

For example, this /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward file controls IP forwarding in case you have multiple network cards.

You can change the value of this file like this:

$ echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

Keep in mind that when you change any file or value under /proc directory there is no validation of what you are doing, you may crash your system if you type a wrong setting.

Persisting /proc Files Changes

The previous modification to the /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward entry will not survive after rebooting since you are not writing to a file, this is a virtual file system, means change happens to the memory.

If you need to save changes under /proc, you have two ways:

• You can write your entries in /etc/rc.local  file, or in Red Hat based distros like CentOS, create /etc/rc.d/rc.local file and make it executable and enable the systemd service unit that enables the use of the rc.local file and write your entries.
• The sysctl command is used to change entries in /proc/sys/ directory.

$ sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward

This will show the value of the entry, to change it, use the -w option:

$ sysctl –w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

One final step is to write the changes to /etc/sysctl.conf:

$ echo “net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1” >> /etc/sysctl.conf

Make sure that the file /etc/sysctl.conf does not contain the entry before you write your changes.

Common /proc Entries

These are some of the commonly used /proc entries:

/proc/cpuinfo                    information about CPUs in the system.

/proc/meminfo                information about memory usage.

/proc/ioports                     list of port regions used for I/O communication with devices.

/proc/mdstat                     display the status of RAID disks configuration.

/proc/kcore                        displays the system actual memory.

/proc/modules                 displays a list of kernel loaded modules.

/proc/cmdline                   displays the passed boot parameters.

/proc/swaps                      displays the status of swap partitions.

/proc/iomem                     the current map of the system memory for each physical device.

/proc/version                    displays the kernel version and time of compilation.

/proc/net/dev                   displays information about each network device like packets count.

/proc/net/sockstat         displays statistics about network socket utilization.

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_ display the range of ports that Linux uses.

local_port_range

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/        protection against syn flood attacks.

tcp_ syncookies

These are some of the common entries in /proc directory.

Listing /proc Directory

If you list the files in /proc directory, you’ll notice a lot of directories which have numeric names, these directories contain information about the running processes and the numeric value is the corresponding process ID.

You can check the consumed resources by a specific process from these directories.

If you take a look at the folder named 1, it belongs to the init process or systemd (like CentOS 7) which is the first process runs When Linux starts.

$ ls -l /proc/1

The /proc/1/exe  file is a symbolic link to  /lib/systemd/systemd binary or /sbin/init in other systems that use init binary.

The same concept applies to all numeric folders under /proc directory.

proc Useful Examples

To protect your server from SYN flood attack, you can use iptables to block SYN packets.

A better solution is to use SYN cookies. A special method in the kernel that keeps track of which SYN packets come. If the SYN packets don’t move to established state within a reasonable interval, the kernel will drop them.

$ sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1

And to persist the changes.

$ echo "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf

Another useful example which is the /proc/sys/fs/file-max, this value shows the maximum files (including sockets, files, etc,) that can be opened at the same time.

You can increase this number like this:

$ sysctl -w "fs.file-max=96992"

$ echo "fs.file-max = 96992" >> /etc/sysctl.conf

sysfs Virtual File System

sysfs is a Linux virtual file systems which mean it’s also in memory.

sysfs file system can be found at /sys. The sysfs can be used to get information about your system hardware.

$ ls -l /sys

From the result of the above command, the file sizes are all zero because as we know this is a Linux virtual file system.

The top level directory of /sys contains the following:

Block                     list of block devices detected on the system like sda.

Bus                        contains subdirectories for physical buses detected in the kernel.

class                      describes class of device like audio, network or printer.

Devices                 list all detected devices by the physical bus registered with the kernel.

Module                 lists all loaded modules.

Power                   the power state of your devices.

tmpfs Virtual File System

tmpfs is a Linux virtual file system that keeps data in the system virtual memory. It is the same like any other Virtual File Systems, any files are temporarily stored in the Kernel’s internal caches.

The /tmp file system is used as the storage location for temporary files.

The /tmp file system is backed by an actual disk-based storage and not by a virtual system.

This location is chosen during Linux installation.

The /tmp is created automatically by systemd service when booting the system.

You can setup tmpfs style file system with the size you want, using the mount command.

$ mount it tmpfs -o size=2GB tmpfs /home/myfolder

Awesome!!

Working with Linux virtual file system is very easy.

I hope you find the post useful and interesting. Keep coming back.

Thank you.

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