Archive | GNU/Linux

Creating a function

You can create a function like this:

functionName {

}

Or like this:

functionName() {

}

The parenthesis on the second snippet is used to pass values to the function from outside of it, so these values can be used inside the function.

Using Functions

#!/bin/bash

function myfunc {

echo "Using functions"

}

total=1

while [ $total -le 3 ]

do

myfunc

total=$(( $total + 1 ))

done

echo "Loop finished"

myfunc

echo "End of the script"

Here we’ve created a function called myfunc and in order to call it, we just typed its name.

The function can be called many times as you want.

Notice: If you try to use a function which is not defined, what will happen?

#!/bin/bash

total=1

while [ $total -le 3 ]

do

myfunc

total=$(( $total + 1 ))

done

echo "Loop End"

function myfunc {

echo "Using function ..."

}

echo "End of the script"

Oh, it’s an error because there no such function.

Another notice: bash function name must be unique. Otherwise, the new function will cancel the old function without any errors.

#!/bin/bash

function myfunc {

echo "The first function definition"

}

myfunc

function myfunc {

echo "The second function definition"

}

myfunc

echo "End of the script"

As you can see, the second function definition takes control from the first one without any error so take care when defining functions.

Using the return Command

The return command returns an integer from the function.

There are two ways of using return command; the first way is like this:

#!/bin/bash

function myfunc {

read -p "Enter a value: " value

echo "adding value"

return $(( $value + 10 ))

}

myfunc

echo "The new value is $?"

The myfunc function adds 10 to the  $value variable then show the sum using the $? Variable.

Don’t execute any commands before getting the value of the function, because the variable $? returns the status of the last line.

This return method returns integers. what about returning strings?

Using Function Output

The second way of returning a value from a bash function is command substitution. This way, you can return anything from the function.

#!/bin/bash

function myfunc {

read -p "Enter a value: " value

echo $(( $value + 10 ))

}

result=$( myfunc)

echo "The value is $result"

Passing Parameters

We can deal with bash functions like small snippets that can be reused and that’s OK, but we need to make the function like an engine, we give it something and it returns a result based on what we provide.

You can use the environment variables to process the passed parameters to the function. The function name is declared as $0 variable, and the passed parameters are $1, $2, $3, etc.

You can get the number of passed parameters to the function using the ($#) variable.

We pass parameters like this:

myfunc $val1 10 20

The following example shows how to use the ($#) variable:

#!/bin/bash

function addnum {

if [ $# -gt 2 ]

then

# If parameters no equal 2

echo "Incorrect parameters passed"

else

# Otherwise add them

echo $(( $1 + $2 ))

fi

}

echo -n "Adding 10 and 15: "

value=$(addnum 10 15)

echo $value

echo -n "Adding three numbers: "

value=$(addnum 10 15 20)

echo $value

The addnum function gets the passed parameters count. If greater than 2 passed, it returns -1.

If there’s one parameter, the addnum function adds this parameter twice. If 2 parameters passed, the addnum function adds them together, and if you try to add three parameters it will return -1.

If you try to use the passed parameters inside the function, it fails:

#!/bin/bash

function myfunc {

echo $(( $1 + $2 + $3 + $4))

}

if [ $# -eq 4 ]

then

value=$( myfunc)

echo "Total= $value"

else

echo "Passed parameters like this: myfunc a b c d"

fi

Instead, you have to send them to the function like this:

#!/bin/bash

function myfunc {

echo $(( $1 + $2 + $3 + $4))

}

if [ $# -eq 4 ]

then

value=$(myfunc $1 $2 $3 $4)

echo "Total= $value"

else

echo "Passed parameters like this: myfunc a b c d"

fi

Now it works!!

Processing Variables in Bash Functions

Every variable we use has a scope, the scope is variable visibility to your script.

You can define two types of variables:

• Global
• Local

Global Variables

They are visible and valid anywhere in the bash script. You can even get its value from inside the function.

If you declare a global variable within a function, you can get its value from outside the function.

Any variable you declare is a global variable by default. If you define a variable outside the function, you call it inside the function without problems:

#!/bin/bash

function myfunc {

input=$(( $input + 10 ))

}

read -p "Enter a number: " input

myfunc

echo "The new value is: $input"

If you change the variable value inside the function, the value will be changed outside of the function.

So how to overcome something like this? Use local variables.

Local Variables

If you will use the variable inside the function only, you can declare it as a local variable using the local keyword  like this:

local tmp=$(( $val + 10 ))

So if you have two variables, one inside the function and the other is outside the function and they have the identical name, they won’t affect each other.

#!/bin/bash

function myfunc {

local tmp=$[ $val + 10 ]

echo "The Temp from inside function is $tmp"

}

tmp=4

myfunc

echo "The temp from outside is $tmp"

When you use the $tmp variable inside the myfunc function, it doesn’t change the value of the $tmp which is outside the function.

Passing Arrays As Parameters

What will happen if you pass an array as a parameter to a function:

#!/bin/bash

function myfunc {

echo "The parameters are: $@"

arr=$1

echo "The received array is ${arr[*]}"

}

my_arr=(5 10 15)

echo "The old array is: ${my_arr[*]}"

myfunc $my_arr

The function only takes the first value of the array variable.

You should disassemble the array into its single values, then use these values as function parameters. Finally, pack them into an array in the function like this:

#!/bin/bash

function myfunc {

local new_arr

new_arr=("$@")

echo "Updated value is: ${new_arr[*]}"

}

my_arr=(4 5 6)

echo "Old array is ${my_arr[*]}"

myfunc ${my_arr[*]}

The array variable was rebuilt thanks to the function.

Recursive Function

This feature enables the function to call itself from within the function itself.

The classic example of a recursive function is calculating factorials. To calculate the factorial of 3, use the following equation:

3! = 1 * 2 * 3

Instead, we can use the recursive function like this:

x! = x * (x-1)!

So to write the factorial function using bash scripting, it will be like this:

#!/bin/bash

function fac_func {

if [ $1 -eq 1 ]

then

echo 1

else

local tmp=$(( $1 - 1 ))

local res=$(fac_func $tmp)

echo $(( $res * $1 ))

fi

}

read -p "Enter value: " val

res=$(fac_func $val)

echo "The factorial of $val is: $res"

Using recursive bash functions is so easy!

Creating Libraries

Now we know how to write functions and how to call them, but what if you want to use these bash functions or blocks of code on different bash script files without copying and pasting it on your files.

You can create a library for your functions and point to that library from any file as you need.

By using the source command, you can embed the library file script inside your shell script.

The source command has an alias which is the dot. To source a file in a shell script, write the following line:

. ./myscript

Let’s assume that we have a file called myfuncs that contains the following:

function addnum {

echo $(( $1 + $2 + $3 + $4))

}

Now, we will use it in another bash script file like this:

#!/bin/bash

. ./myfuncs

result=$(addnum 10 10 5 5)

echo "Total = $result"

Awesome!! We’ve used the bash functions inside our bash script file, we can also use them in our shell directly.

Use Bash Functions From Command Line

Well, that is easy, if you read the previous post which was about the signals and jobs you will have an idea about how to source our functions file in the .bashrc file and hence we can use the functions directly from the bash shell. Cool

Edit the .bashrc file and add this line:

. /home/likegeeks/Desktop/myfuncs

Make sure you type the correct path.

Now the function is available for us to use in the command line directly:

$ addnum 10 20

Note: you may need to logout and login to use the bash functions from the shell.

Another note: if you make your function name like any of the built-in commands you will overwrite the default command so you should take care of that.

I hope you like the post. Keep coming back.

Thank you.

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